http://www.talkglass.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BetaBMelting Pot Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-06-04T14:44:46ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.18.0http://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:Current_eventsTalk:Current events2007-10-07T16:02:32Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>can we delete this page?</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T16:00:26Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' ==<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a [[pre-mix torch]]. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger [[BTU]] output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
'''Suggested gas and pressures:'''<br />
<br />
*''Propane'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
*''Natural Gas'': 0.5 to 5 PSI <br />
*''Oxygen'': 5 to 12 PSI<br />
<br />
Note that often higher oxygen pressures are used than what is recommended by <br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:58:37Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' ==<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a [[pre-mix torch]]. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger [[BTU]] output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
'''Suggested gas and pressures:'''<br />
<br />
*''Propane'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
*''Natural Gas'': 0.5 to 5 PSI <br />
*''Oxygen'': 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BTUBTU2007-10-07T15:57:26Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''British Thermal Unit''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a unit of energy. A BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Melting a pound of ice at 32 °F requires 143 BTU.<br />
<br />
One BTU is approximately:<br />
<br />
* The energy produced by burning one wooden match<br />
* 1,054—1,060 joules<br />
* 252—253 cal (calories, small)<br />
* 0.252—0.253 kcal (kilocalories)<br />
* 778—782 ft·lbf (foot-pounds-force)<br />
* 1 standard cubic foot of natural gas ≈ 1030 BTU</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:51:17Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' ==<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a [[pre-mix torch]]. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger BTU output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
'''Suggested gas and pressures:'''<br />
<br />
''Propane'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
''Natural Gas'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
''Oxygen'': 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:48:21Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' ==<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a pre-mix torch. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger BTU output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
'''Suggested gas and pressures:'''<br />
<br />
''Propane'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
''Natural Gas'': 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
''Oxygen'': 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:47:32Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' =='<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a pre-mix torch. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger BTU output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
Suggested gas and pressures:<br />
<br />
Propane: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Natural Gas: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Oxygen: 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:47:01Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Nortel Red Max''' =='<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a pre-mix torch. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger BTU output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
Suggested gas and pressures:<br />
Propane: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Natural Gas: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Oxygen: 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=RedMaxRedMax2007-10-07T15:46:35Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== '''Nortel Red Max''' =='<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Nortel Machinery Ltd produces the Red Max, which is the successor to the Major Burner. It has 44 port surface mix round shaped flame that can achieve a width of 1.5 inches. There is a rider torch that can be a Minor surface mix torch or a pre-mix torch. There is a conversion kit available for the Major bench burner to convert it to a Red Max. People have also successfully modified their torch to run off of a foot pedal, thus conserving gas and time. <br />
<br />
Due to it's price point, it is one of the more value based torches on the market currently, offering a larger BTU output than most if not all new torches under $500. However, a trade off is made by not having a center-fire design, such as a GTT or Bethlehem Apparatus. While the quality of the flame is good on the bottom burner, it is typically regarded as a little more harsh and less efficient than other more expensive burners<br />
<br />
Suggested gas and pressures:<br />
Propane: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Natural Gas: 0.5 to 5 PSI<br />
Oxygen: 5 to 12 PSI</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carlisle_CCCarlisle CC2007-06-06T22:44:54Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Burner30.gif]]<br />
== '''Overview''' ==<br />
Made by Carlisle Machine Works of Milleville, New Jersey, the Carlisle CC burner produces any type of flame from a pin-point flame to a bushy 2 inch flame. It operates two separate flames, a pre-mix center fire and a surface-mix outer fire.<br />
<br />
<br />
== B&P v. R&P ==<br />
The torch comes with one of two mounting systems. The ball and post system consists of a ball and socket type connection between the torch and base. This connection allows the torch angle to be adjusted side to side as well as up and down. The downside is that adjusting the angle requires two hands, one to loosen the thumbscrew and one to actually move the torch. The rack and pinion set up consists of a pinion gear, which allows the torch angle to be more greatly adjusted. It also only requires the use of one hand to adjust the angle.<br />
<br />
[[Image:CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPG]] The ball and post option.<br />
<br />
== Cooling ==<br />
The torch uses aluminum cooling fins to keep its body temperature down while working. Carlisle also offers a water cooling jacket that can be installed on the torch to keep the temperature down.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carlisle_CCCarlisle CC2007-06-06T22:44:23Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Burner30.gif]]<br />
== '''Overview''' ==<br />
Made by Carlisle Machine Works of Milleville, New Jersey, the Carlisle CC burner produces any type of flame from a pin-point flame to a bushy 2 inch flame. It operates two separate flames, a pre-mix center fire and a surface-mix outer fire.<br />
<br />
<br />
== B&P v. R&P ==<br />
The torch comes with one of two mounting systems. The ball and post system consists of a ball and socket type connection between the torch and base. This connection allows the torch angle to be adjusted side to side as well as up and down. The downside is that adjusting the angle requires two hands, one to loosen the thumbscrew and one to actually move the torch. The rack and pinion set up consists of a pinion gear, which allows the torch angle to be more greatly adjusted. It also only requires the use of one hand to adjust the angle.<br />
[[Image:CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPG]] The ball and post option.<br />
<br />
== Cooling ==<br />
The torch uses aluminum cooling fins to keep its body temperature down while working. Carlisle also offers a water cooling jacket that can be installed on the torch to keep the temperature down.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPGFile:CC Plus B P TN.JPG2007-06-06T22:43:35Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carlisle_CCCarlisle CC2007-06-04T13:35:13Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Burner30.gif]]<br />
== '''Overview''' ==<br />
Made by Carlisle Machine Works of Milleville, New Jersey, the Carlisle CC burner produces any type of flame from a pin-point flame to a bushy 2 inch flame. It operates two separate flames, a pre-mix center fire and a surface-mix outer fire.<br />
<br />
<br />
== B&P v. R&P ==<br />
The torch comes with one of two mounting systems. The ball and post system consists of a ball and socket type connection between the torch and base. This connection allows the torch angle to be adjusted side to side as well as up and down. The downside is that adjusting the angle requires two hands, one to loosen the thumbscrew and one to actually move the torch. The rack and pinion set up consists of a pinion gear, which allows the torch angle to be more greatly adjusted. It also only requires the use of one hand to adjust the angle.<br />
[[Image:http://www.arrowsprings.com/assets/images/CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPG]] The ball and post option.<br />
<br />
== Cooling ==<br />
The torch uses aluminum cooling fins to keep its body temperature down while working. Carlisle also offers a water cooling jacket that can be installed on the torch to keep the temperature down.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carlisle_CCCarlisle CC2007-06-04T13:34:55Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:[[Burner30.gif]]]]<br />
== '''Overview''' ==<br />
Made by Carlisle Machine Works of Milleville, New Jersey, the Carlisle CC burner produces any type of flame from a pin-point flame to a bushy 2 inch flame. It operates two separate flames, a pre-mix center fire and a surface-mix outer fire.<br />
<br />
<br />
== B&P v. R&P ==<br />
The torch comes with one of two mounting systems. The ball and post system consists of a ball and socket type connection between the torch and base. This connection allows the torch angle to be adjusted side to side as well as up and down. The downside is that adjusting the angle requires two hands, one to loosen the thumbscrew and one to actually move the torch. The rack and pinion set up consists of a pinion gear, which allows the torch angle to be more greatly adjusted. It also only requires the use of one hand to adjust the angle.<br />
[[Image:http://www.arrowsprings.com/assets/images/CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPG]] The ball and post option.<br />
<br />
== Cooling ==<br />
The torch uses aluminum cooling fins to keep its body temperature down while working. Carlisle also offers a water cooling jacket that can be installed on the torch to keep the temperature down.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carlisle_CCCarlisle CC2007-06-04T13:33:37Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Burner30.gif]]<br />
== '''Overview''' ==<br />
Made by Carlisle Machine Works of Milleville, New Jersey, the Carlisle CC burner produces any type of flame from a pin-point flame to a bushy 2 inch flame. It operates two separate flames, a pre-mix center fire and a surface-mix outer fire.<br />
<br />
<br />
== B&P v. R&P ==<br />
The torch comes with one of two mounting systems. The ball and post system consists of a ball and socket type connection between the torch and base. This connection allows the torch angle to be adjusted side to side as well as up and down. The downside is that adjusting the angle requires two hands, one to loosen the thumbscrew and one to actually move the torch. The rack and pinion set up consists of a pinion gear, which allows the torch angle to be more greatly adjusted. It also only requires the use of one hand to adjust the angle.<br />
[[Image:http://www.arrowsprings.com/assets/images/CC_Plus_B_P_TN.JPG]] The ball and post option.<br />
<br />
== Cooling ==<br />
The torch uses aluminum cooling fins to keep its body temperature down while working. Carlisle also offers a water cooling jacket that can be installed on the torch to keep the temperature down.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Burner30.gifFile:Burner30.gif2007-06-04T13:26:56Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=VentilationVentilation2007-05-19T23:59:09Z<p>BetaB: /* '''Types of Ventilation''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
Ventilation is the mechanical means of removing noxious fumes and unhealthy gases and solids that are created during the flameworking process. Common fumes such as gold and silver, as well as particles such as heavy metals and borosilicate need to be vented away from lampworkers in order to avoid acute and chronic exposure.<br />
<br />
Ventilation can be a bit of an art form, because one must balance between having enough air circulation, but an excessive amount of circulation will lead to air turbulence. Air turbulence is bad because the air circulation is not stable and pockets of exhaust might shift towards the person at the station. The smoke test may be used to determine if there is any turbulence in the shop or a lack of ventilation. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Types of Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
'''The Gable Fan'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Commonly employed by lampworkers on a budget or is a [[noob]]. These can be had from hardware stores such as Home Depot and Lowe's for around $50. These are usually mounted in front of one's workstation in order to create a laminar flow. This fan can exchange large amounts of air in a short amount of time, as they are designed to expel hot air from an attic. <br />
<br />
There are drawbacks to this system. One example is that while this system can displace large amounts of air, it can not provide a sufficient amount of draw or push forces in order to run a ducted system. <br />
<br />
'''The Squirrel Cage Blower'''<br />
<br />
Often used in larger production environments where more than one vent fan is needed. Although more expensive than a Gable type fan, it allows a shop to use ducted ventilation systems. The benefits of this is that exhausts can be directed away from a building in a controlled manner. If a 4 sided building needed vent fans against three of the wall, the building or room would have to have vacant space sounding all three of those wall. However, one must also consider back-flow, or the process of drawing supposed fresh air that actually has a portion of exhaust air contained in it. With a ducted system, one exhaust port may exist, and that exhaust can be directed away from the fresh air source.<br />
<br />
== '''Fresh Air''' ==<br />
<br />
Fresh air must be introduced in a manner by which it is opposite to the exahust sytem. In other words, a fresh source of air should ideally be directed at the head of the lampworker at the station. If the source of fresh air is next to the exhaust intake, it defeats the purpose of keeping the lampworker isolated from toxic substances. <br />
<br />
'''Stuff from the sticky that needs to be expanded'''<br />
<br />
1.) CFM means cubic feet per minute. depending on the size of your shop you should have many CFM's of ventilation. Meaning air moved out of your shop. One source I read said 100 CFM's per square foot of work table space. Others can comment below on how much they use or have heard should be used. I'm not sure anyone knows how much we need. Maybe we need an OSHA expert's help here.<br />
<br />
2.) The larger the diameter the ducting the better. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
3.) Round is better than Square duct. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
4.) Shorter distance between fan and work area are better.<br />
<br />
5.) Straight and or slow curves in ducts are better than Right angles. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
6.) Hoods and enclosed worktables can direct the ventilation very effectively away from the worker.<br />
<br />
7.) Always know where the air you suck into your shop is coming from. A large source of fresh are is best. For example: Powerful fans can make your furnace backflow and you can get carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />
<br />
8.) The flow by your head (your mouth leads to your lungs, in case you weren't aware) is KEY!!! the fresh air should flow by yor face. A 300 Giga CFM fan located at the other end of your shop will only slowly pull the cloud of metal fume away from your head. That is the principle behing hoods, directing and concentrateing the flow.<br />
<br />
9.) OSHA says for welding hoods that 250-350 CFM per linear workbench foot is adequate. But there is NO standard for Flameworkers.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-17T18:10:11Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Coefficient of Expansion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. Usually, when a substance cools, it will shrink, thus the bond lengths are shrinking, and vice versa for heating. Thermal expansion and contraction can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
'''COE and Glass'''<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typically categorized via it's COE.<br />
<br />
These are some major groups of glass that lampworkers typically come across:<br />
<br />
*COE 32/33: Most industrial [[borosilicate]]<br />
*COE 84-87: Common float glass<br />
*COE 90: Most Bullseye glass<br />
*COE [[96]]: Most spectrum glass<br />
*COE 104: Moretti<br />
<br />
'''Compatibility'''<br />
<br />
There are various types of metals and other compounds that are compatible with borosilicate. Gilson opals, silicon as well as other [[inclusions]] may be incorporated into glass. Some materials can be semicompatable, such as some sparkle colors do not like to be encased deep in a marble or vessel. This can be avoided by using these colors on the surface, not encased deep, or a glass worker with a massive amount of experience with a color will know the limitations of the materials. Bad batches of colored glass rod is notorious for cracking problems, most likely an incompatibility of thermal expansion.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-17T18:08:44Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Coefficient of Expansion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. Usually, when a substance cools, it will shrink, thus the bond lengths are shrinking, and vice versa for heating. Thermal expansion and contraction can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
'''COE and Glass'''<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typically categorized via it's COE.<br />
<br />
These are some major groups of glass that lampworkers typically come across:<br />
<br />
*COE 32/33: Most industrial [[borosilicate]]<br />
*COE 84-87: Common float glass<br />
*COE 90: Most Bullseye glass<br />
*COE [[96]]: Most spectrum glass<br />
*COE 104: Moretti<br />
<br />
'''Compatibility'''<br />
<br />
There are various types of metals and other compounds that are compatible with borosilicate. Gilson opals, silicon as well as other inclusions may be incorporated into glass. Some materials can be semicompatable, such as some sparkle colors do not like to be encased deep in a marble or vessel. This can be avoided by using these colors on the surface, not encased deep, or a glass worker with a massive amount of experience with a color will know the limitations of the materials. Bad batches of colored glass rod is notorious for cracking problems, most likely an incompatibility of thermal expansion.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=InclusionsInclusions2007-05-17T18:06:40Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>Inclusions are any non glass items that are added to molten glass for inclusion in a finished piece.<br />
<br />
Examples of items used as inclusions:<br />
<br />
Gilson Opals<br />
<br />
Cubic Zirconia<br />
<br />
Silicon<br />
<br />
Ashes<br />
<br />
Leaf, Foil, Wire, Mesh:<br />
<br />
Copper<br />
Gold<br />
Silver<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-sample photographs?-</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Soft_glassSoft glass2007-05-17T01:20:12Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>Soft glass is a high [[COE]] (~90-105) glass commonly used in furnace glassblowing and for beads and jewelry. It is very prone to thermal shock (cracking) if heated or cooled too quickly.<br />
<br />
Moretti, Effetre, Lauscha, and other "Soft" glasses are usually soda lime glass. They can be worked in an air / gas flame like a hot head or bunsen burner. Softglass is great for sculpting and bead making and solid work. Without a furnace and gloryhole it's rather hard to make elaborate hollow forms with softglass. The glass tends to be runnier and holds it heatbase much longer. Softglass is what is traditionally used in hotshops with large furnaces and gloryholes.... on a torch you're pretty much limited to rod and a few odd sizes and colors of tubing.<br />
<br />
[[96]] [[COE]] Glass - http://www.thegldg.com/wiki/96</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=PsiPsi2007-05-17T01:17:57Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Pounds Per Square Inch'''==<br />
<br />
Often used to rate the pressures of high pressure cylinders, and the pressure that is delivered at the torch. Note that most pressure gauges that are rated in psi, are actually [[psig]].</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Soft_glassSoft glass2007-05-16T19:56:27Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>Soft glass is a high [[COE]] (~90-105) glass commonly used in furnace glassblowing and for beads and jewelry. It is very prone to thermal shock (cracking) if heated or cooled too quickly.<br />
<br />
Moretti, Effetre, Lauscha, and other "Soft" glasses are usually soda lime glass. They can be worked in an air / gas flame like a hot head or bunsen burner. Softglass is great for sculpting and bead making and solid work. Without a furnace and gloryhole it's rather hard to make elaborate hollow forms with softglass. The glass tends to be runnier and holds it heatbase much longer. Softglass is what is traditionally used in hotshops with large furnaces and gloryholes.... on a torch you're pretty much limited to rod and a few odd sizes and colors of tubing.<br />
<br />
96 COE Glass - http://www.thegldg.com/wiki/96</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-16T19:54:29Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Coefficient of Expansion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. Usually, when a substance cools, it will shrink, thus the bond lentgths are shrinking, and vice versa for heating. Thermal expansion and contraction can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
'''COE and Glass'''<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typicaly catagorized via it's COE.<br />
<br />
These are some major groups of glass that lampworkers typically come across:<br />
<br />
*COE 32/33: Most industrial [[borosilicate]]<br />
*COE 84-87: Common float glass<br />
*COE 90: Most Bullseye glass<br />
*COE [[96]]: Most spectrum glass<br />
*COE 104: Moretti<br />
<br />
'''Compatability'''<br />
<br />
There are various types of metals and other compounds that are compatible with borosilicate. Gilson opals, silicon are some examples. Some materials can be semicompatable, such as some sparkle colors do not like to be encased deep in a marble or vessel. This can be avoided by using these colors on the surface, not encased deep, or a glass worker with a massive amount of experience with a color will know the limitations of the materials. Bad batches of colored glass rod is notorious for cracking problems, most likely an incompatability of thermal expansion.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-16T16:50:31Z<p>BetaB: /* Manufacturing process */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's sand, sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide. Borrowing from the welding, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required to melt the glass.<br />
Although, there are electric ovens that are capable or this.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[COE]], about one-third that of soda lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it ideal for use in telescopes and labware.<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F).<br />
Borosilicate glass is less dense than soda lime glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when it is exposed to extreme temperature changes. Annealing can mitigate some of these properties, but it is an inherant property of glass, with quartz glass being the most shock resistant. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering.<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate is most often employed where a glass would be subject to swings in temperature, such as labware and glass pipes.<br />
<br />
Artists and craftsman choose to use borosilicate due to the colors that are available, the working properties, thermal properties, and many more reasons.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-16T16:49:31Z<p>BetaB: /* Composition and physical characteristics */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's sand, sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide. Borrowing from the welding, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required to melt the glass.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[COE]], about one-third that of soda lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it ideal for use in telescopes and labware.<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F).<br />
Borosilicate glass is less dense than soda lime glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when it is exposed to extreme temperature changes. Annealing can mitigate some of these properties, but it is an inherant property of glass, with quartz glass being the most shock resistant. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering.<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate is most often employed where a glass would be subject to swings in temperature, such as labware and glass pipes.<br />
<br />
Artists and craftsman choose to use borosilicate due to the colors that are available, the working properties, thermal properties, and many more reasons.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-16T16:48:06Z<p>BetaB: /* Usage */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's sand, sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide. Borrowing from the welding, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required to melt the glass.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[COE]], about one-third that of soda lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it ideal for use in telescopes and labware.<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F).<br />
Borosilicate glass is less dense than soda lime glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when it is exposed to extreme temperature changes. Annealing can mitigate some of these properties, but it is an inherant property of glass, with quartz glass being the most shock resistant. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering.<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate is most often employed where a glass would be subject to swings in temperature, such as labware and glass pipes.<br />
<br />
Artists and craftsman choose to use borosilicate due to the colors that are available, the working properties, thermal properties, and many more reasons.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=OxygenOxygen2007-05-16T16:43:25Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Oxygen''' ==<br />
<br />
An essential gas in lampworking that can come from [[high pressure tanks]], liquid [[dewars]], or direct from a concentrator. It is a highly reactive gas that may increase the potential and severity combustion with a fuel source. It is mainly used in conjunction with propane or natural gas to power pre mix and surface mix torches. <br />
<br />
'''Forms of Production and Containment'''<br />
<br />
*Oxygen [[concentrators]] can purify atmospheric gas in situ while a torch is running. These concentrators come in a variety of production rates and pressures. Some are even capable of filling compressed cylinders with oxygen when a [[microbooster]] is used. <br />
*[[High pressure tanks]] come in a variety of sizes, but most have compressed oxygen in excess of 2000[[psi]]. The tanks, although heavy, are portable unlike large concentrators or liquid tanks.<br />
*Liquid oxygen is available in small [[dewars]] or large cylinders full of liquid oxygen. It often has to vent when excess pressure is created by the gas heating up and expanding, thus wasting some gas.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=PsigPsig2007-05-16T16:41:11Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Pound-force per Square Inch Gauge or psig''' ==<br />
<br />
The measurement by which almost all pressure gauges read, because it accounts for the pressure at sea level which is 14.7psi. So, the true pressure that a gauge reads is "x"psi + 14.7psi</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=PsiPsi2007-05-16T16:36:08Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Pounds Per Square Inch'''==<br />
<br />
Often used to rate the pressures of high pressure cylinders. Note that most pressure gauges that are rated in psi, are actually [[psig]].</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-16T02:19:14Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Coefficient of Expansion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. Usually, when a substance cools, it will shrink, thus the bond lentgths are shrinking, and vice versa for heating. Thermal expansion and contraction can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
'''COE and Glass'''<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typicaly catagorized via it's COE.<br />
<br />
These are some major groups of glass that lampworkers typically come across:<br />
<br />
*COE 32/33: Most industrial borosilicate<br />
*COE 84-87: Common float glass<br />
*COE 90: Most Bullseye glass<br />
*COE 96: Most spectrum glass<br />
*COE 104: Moretti<br />
<br />
'''Compatability'''<br />
<br />
There are various types of metals and other compounds that are compatible with borosilicate. Gilson opals, silicon are some examples. Some materials can be semicompatable, such as some sparkle colors do not like to be encased deep in a marble or vessel. This can be avoided by using these colors on the surface, not encased deep, or a glass worker with a massive amount of experience with a color will know the limitations of the materials. Bad batches of colored glass rod is notorious for cracking problems, most likely an incompatability of thermal expansion.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-16T02:18:14Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Coefficient of Expansion ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. Usually, when a substance cools, it will shrink, thus the bond lentgths are shrinking, and vice versa for heating. Thermal expansion and contraction can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
'''COE and Glass'''<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typicaly catagorized via it's COE.<br />
<br />
These are some major groups of glass that lampworkers typically come across:<br />
<br />
*COE 32/33: Most industrial borosilicate<br />
*COE 84-87: Common float glass<br />
*COE 90: Most Bullseye glass<br />
*COE 96: Most spectrum glass<br />
*COE 104: Moretti<br />
<br />
'''Compatability'''<br />
<br />
There are variou types of metals and other compounds that are compatible with borosilicate. Gilson opals, silicon are some examples. Some materials can be semicompatable, such as some sparkle colors do not like to be encased deep in a marble or vessel. This can be avoided by using these colors on the surface, not encased deep, or a glass worker with a massive amount of experience with a color will know the limitations of the materials. Bad batches of colored glass rod is notorious for cracking problems, most likely an incompatability of thermal expansion.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=COECOE2007-05-16T01:56:40Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>Coefficient of Expansion<br />
<br />
When thermal energy is applied to a substance, let's say glass, the energy between the bonds increases and the result is an extension of the bond length. This can result in two types of expansion, linear and volumetric.<br />
<br />
Each type of glass that is varied upon its molecular composition will result in a different COE. Although one could create two substances that have identical thermal expansion profiles, glass is typicaly catagorized via it's COE.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-15T19:21:56Z<p>BetaB: /* Composition and physical characteristics */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's sand, sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide. Borrowing from the welding, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required to melt the glass.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[COE]], about one-third that of soda lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it ideal for use in telescopes and labware.<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F).<br />
Borosilicate glass is less dense than soda lime glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when it is exposed to extreme temperature changes. Annealing can mitigate some of these properties, but it is an inherant property of glass, with quartz glass being the most shock resistant. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering.<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes.<br />
<br />
Most glassware used in laboratories is made of borosilicate glass, due partly to how little it warps when exposed to heat hence its ability to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.<br />
<br />
During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube based electronic equipment such as commercial broadcast transmitters.<br />
<br />
Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. <br />
<br />
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the [[nichrome]] heating element.<br />
<br />
Many high quality [[flashlight]]s, such as those made by [[Surefire]], use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.<br />
<br />
Specialty [[marijuana]] pipes (commonly sold as [[tobacco]] pipes for legal reasons) are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.<br />
<br />
Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass.<br />
<br />
New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic uses.<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware; [[Bodum, Inc.]] markets a line of French coffee presses and double-walled beverage glasses made of borosilicate, lending them increased durability and [[microwave oven|microwave]]/[[dishwasher]] compatibility.<br />
<br />
Most astronomical reflecting [[telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass due to the low coefficient of expansion due to heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that 'track' across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Borosilicate glass is not used for high quality lenses due to striations and inclusions common to this type of glass.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-15T19:17:13Z<p>BetaB: /* Manufacturing process */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's sand, sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide. Borrowing from the welding, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required to melt the glass.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[thermal expansion]] coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it a popular material for objects like [[telescope]] [[mirror]]s, where it is essential to have very little deviation in shape. It is also used in the processing of high-level [[nuclear waste]], where the waste is immobilised in the glass through a process known as [[vitrification]] (contrast with [[Synroc]]).<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F); at this temperature, the [[viscosity]] of type 7740 Pyrex is 10<sup>7.6</sup> [[poise]]. <br />
Borosilicate glass is less [[density|dense]] than ordinary glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).<br />
<br />
Optically, borosilicate glasses are [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]es with low dispersion ([[Abbe number]]s around 65) and relatively low [[refractive index|refractive indices]] (1.51 - 1.54 across the visible range).<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
Mean Excitation Energy = 134.0 eV<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes.<br />
<br />
Most glassware used in laboratories is made of borosilicate glass, due partly to how little it warps when exposed to heat hence its ability to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.<br />
<br />
During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube based electronic equipment such as commercial broadcast transmitters.<br />
<br />
Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. <br />
<br />
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the [[nichrome]] heating element.<br />
<br />
Many high quality [[flashlight]]s, such as those made by [[Surefire]], use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.<br />
<br />
Specialty [[marijuana]] pipes (commonly sold as [[tobacco]] pipes for legal reasons) are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.<br />
<br />
Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass.<br />
<br />
New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic uses.<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware; [[Bodum, Inc.]] markets a line of French coffee presses and double-walled beverage glasses made of borosilicate, lending them increased durability and [[microwave oven|microwave]]/[[dishwasher]] compatibility.<br />
<br />
Most astronomical reflecting [[telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass due to the low coefficient of expansion due to heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that 'track' across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Borosilicate glass is not used for high quality lenses due to striations and inclusions common to this type of glass.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-15T19:15:46Z<p>BetaB: /* '''Borosilicate''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name Schott "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced "Pyrex" in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than soda lime glass, it's economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance.<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's "frit" of silicate [[sand]], sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide(lime Borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary [[silicate glass]], some new techniques were required to bring Pyrex into industrial production. Borrowing from the [[welding]] trade, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[thermal expansion]] coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it a popular material for objects like [[telescope]] [[mirror]]s, where it is essential to have very little deviation in shape. It is also used in the processing of high-level [[nuclear waste]], where the waste is immobilised in the glass through a process known as [[vitrification]] (contrast with [[Synroc]]).<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F); at this temperature, the [[viscosity]] of type 7740 Pyrex is 10<sup>7.6</sup> [[poise]]. <br />
Borosilicate glass is less [[density|dense]] than ordinary glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).<br />
<br />
Optically, borosilicate glasses are [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]es with low dispersion ([[Abbe number]]s around 65) and relatively low [[refractive index|refractive indices]] (1.51 - 1.54 across the visible range).<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
Mean Excitation Energy = 134.0 eV<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes.<br />
<br />
Most glassware used in laboratories is made of borosilicate glass, due partly to how little it warps when exposed to heat hence its ability to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.<br />
<br />
During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube based electronic equipment such as commercial broadcast transmitters.<br />
<br />
Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. <br />
<br />
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the [[nichrome]] heating element.<br />
<br />
Many high quality [[flashlight]]s, such as those made by [[Surefire]], use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.<br />
<br />
Specialty [[marijuana]] pipes (commonly sold as [[tobacco]] pipes for legal reasons) are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.<br />
<br />
Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass.<br />
<br />
New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic uses.<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware; [[Bodum, Inc.]] markets a line of French coffee presses and double-walled beverage glasses made of borosilicate, lending them increased durability and [[microwave oven|microwave]]/[[dishwasher]] compatibility.<br />
<br />
Most astronomical reflecting [[telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass due to the low coefficient of expansion due to heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that 'track' across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Borosilicate glass is not used for high quality lenses due to striations and inclusions common to this type of glass.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-15T19:12:18Z<p>BetaB: /* Manufacturing process */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is a type of heat-resistant glass. Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than traditional glass (Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it), it is economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds excellent use in chemical laboratory equipment, cookware, lighting, and in certain cases, windows<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's "frit" of silicate [[sand]], sodium carbonate, and ground calcium oxide(lime Borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary [[silicate glass]], some new techniques were required to bring Pyrex into industrial production. Borrowing from the [[welding]] trade, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[thermal expansion]] coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it a popular material for objects like [[telescope]] [[mirror]]s, where it is essential to have very little deviation in shape. It is also used in the processing of high-level [[nuclear waste]], where the waste is immobilised in the glass through a process known as [[vitrification]] (contrast with [[Synroc]]).<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F); at this temperature, the [[viscosity]] of type 7740 Pyrex is 10<sup>7.6</sup> [[poise]]. <br />
Borosilicate glass is less [[density|dense]] than ordinary glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).<br />
<br />
Optically, borosilicate glasses are [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]es with low dispersion ([[Abbe number]]s around 65) and relatively low [[refractive index|refractive indices]] (1.51 - 1.54 across the visible range).<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
Mean Excitation Energy = 134.0 eV<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes.<br />
<br />
Most glassware used in laboratories is made of borosilicate glass, due partly to how little it warps when exposed to heat hence its ability to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.<br />
<br />
During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube based electronic equipment such as commercial broadcast transmitters.<br />
<br />
Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. <br />
<br />
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the [[nichrome]] heating element.<br />
<br />
Many high quality [[flashlight]]s, such as those made by [[Surefire]], use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.<br />
<br />
Specialty [[marijuana]] pipes (commonly sold as [[tobacco]] pipes for legal reasons) are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.<br />
<br />
Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass.<br />
<br />
New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic uses.<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware; [[Bodum, Inc.]] markets a line of French coffee presses and double-walled beverage glasses made of borosilicate, lending them increased durability and [[microwave oven|microwave]]/[[dishwasher]] compatibility.<br />
<br />
Most astronomical reflecting [[telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass due to the low coefficient of expansion due to heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that 'track' across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Borosilicate glass is not used for high quality lenses due to striations and inclusions common to this type of glass.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=BorosilicateBorosilicate2007-05-15T18:53:45Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Borosilicate''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is a type of heat-resistant glass. Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. <br />
In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70% silica, 10% boric oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide. Though somewhat more difficult to make than traditional glass (Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it), it is economical to produce because its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds excellent use in chemical laboratory equipment, cookware, lighting, and in certain cases, windows<br />
<br />
== Manufacturing process ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is created by adding [[boron]] to the traditional glassmaker's "frit" of silicate [[sand]], [[sodium carbonate|soda]], and ground [[calcium oxide|lime]]. Since Borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary [[silicate glass]], some new techniques were required to bring Pyrex into industrial production. Borrowing from the [[welding]] trade, new burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required.<br />
<br />
== Composition and physical characteristics ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass has a very low [[thermal expansion]] coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, thus making it more resistant to breaking. This makes it a popular material for objects like [[telescope]] [[mirror]]s, where it is essential to have very little deviation in shape. It is also used in the processing of high-level [[nuclear waste]], where the waste is immobilised in the glass through a process known as [[vitrification]] (contrast with [[Synroc]]).<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass begins to soften around 821 °C (1510 °F); at this temperature, the [[viscosity]] of type 7740 Pyrex is 10<sup>7.6</sup> [[poise]]. <br />
Borosilicate glass is less [[density|dense]] than ordinary glass. <br />
<br />
While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).<br />
<br />
Optically, borosilicate glasses are [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]es with low dispersion ([[Abbe number]]s around 65) and relatively low [[refractive index|refractive indices]] (1.51 - 1.54 across the visible range).<br />
<br />
'''Fraction by weight'''<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Element</th><br />
<th>Atomic<br>number</th><br />
<th>Fraction</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>B</td><br />
<td align=center>5</td><br />
<td>0.040064</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>O</td><br />
<td align=center>8</td><br />
<td>0.539562</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Na</td><br />
<td align=center>11</td><br />
<td>0.028191</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Al</td><br />
<td align=center>13</td><br />
<td>0.011644</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>Si</td><br />
<td align=center>14</td><br />
<td>0.377220</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>K</td><br />
<td align=center>19</td><br />
<td>0.003321</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Physical characteristics'''<br><br />
Density = 2.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br><br />
Mean Excitation Energy = 134.0 eV<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes.<br />
<br />
Most glassware used in laboratories is made of borosilicate glass, due partly to how little it warps when exposed to heat hence its ability to provide accurate measurements of volume over time.<br />
<br />
During the mid-twentieth century borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often distilled water) through high power vacuum tube based electronic equipment such as commercial broadcast transmitters.<br />
<br />
Glass cookware is another common usage; a borosilicate glass pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish. Borosilicate glass measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. <br />
<br />
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the [[nichrome]] heating element.<br />
<br />
Many high quality [[flashlight]]s, such as those made by [[Surefire]], use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens than compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.<br />
<br />
Specialty [[marijuana]] pipes (commonly sold as [[tobacco]] pipes for legal reasons) are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use, and these pipes are also more durable.<br />
<br />
Most premanufactured glass guitar slides are also made of borosilicate glass.<br />
<br />
New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic uses.<br />
<br />
Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware; [[Bodum, Inc.]] markets a line of French coffee presses and double-walled beverage glasses made of borosilicate, lending them increased durability and [[microwave oven|microwave]]/[[dishwasher]] compatibility.<br />
<br />
Most astronomical reflecting [[telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass due to the low coefficient of expansion due to heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that 'track' across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Borosilicate glass is not used for high quality lenses due to striations and inclusions common to this type of glass.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=FumingFuming2007-05-15T17:25:52Z<p>BetaB: /* Safety */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
<br />
'''Fuming''' is a lamp working (glass blowing) technique, in which solid silver or gold is turned into a vapor by being placing in the flame of your torch. The silver/gold vapor then condenses onto the glass held further out in the flame and appears as a patina ranging in colours from blue, pink, white (from silver) to orange,green or red (from gold). The range of colours and opacity can be varied depending on how much fume (vaporized metal) is deposited onto the glass and how the then fumed glass is worked in the flame afterwards.<br />
<br />
== Technique ==<br />
<br />
Precut small pieces (3mm) of silver/gold. Place a single piece of silver/gold onto a graphite pad.<br />
<br />
Heat up the end of a short length (3 to 4 inches) of 4 to 6 mm borosilicate rod till it is white hot and forms a small gather. some use a quartz rod, as it will not melt under high temp and prolong work time fuming<br />
<br />
Press the hot gather onto the piece of silver/gold, smooshing the silver/gold between the gather and the graphite pad, thus pushing the silver/gold into the gather and allow to cool for a few seconds.<br />
<br />
The silver/gold should have stuck to the glass, if not try again.<br />
<br />
Make sure the glass that is receiving the fume has been pre-warmed so that the fume will stick to it. Do this by giving the glass a quick bath in a bushy propane flame.<br />
<br />
Adjust your torch to create a very small reducing flame.<br />
<br />
Hold the glass rod with the silver/gold about 1 to 2 mm past the candle tip. <br />
<br />
hold the glass you want to fume out in the flame, approximately 6 inches behind the rod with the silver/gold<br />
<br />
Once placed near the candle, the silver/gold will melt and start to give off the fume, sometimes this fume is visable as a smoke, other times you can not see it, but watch the glass that it is being deposited onto to notice if it is changing color. If it is not, try changing the characteristics of your flame.<br />
<br />
When the glass has obtained the desired patina, set aside the short rod with the silver/gold. You can now adjust back to a normal flame and work your glass.<br />
<br />
== Variations on technique ==<br />
<br />
The fume (especially silver fume) can be burned off with a neutral to oxidizing flame. Thus if you dont want to lose your fume, it is suggested that you encase the fume with additional glass (usually clear). However the patina of the fume can be changed by blasting the glass with alternating reducing and oxidising flame. <br />
<br />
One way to change the patina is to blast the fumed glass with a bushy reducing flame, you can also hit it with alternating blasts of reducing and oxidizing to change the patina. If a layer of carbon builds up when using the bushy reducing flame, it can be safely burned off with a quick blast of an oxidizing flame, revealing the new patina underneath.<br />
<br />
A fume can be placed either on the outside or inside surface of a tube. By fuming on the inside of a tube, the fume is more protected from being burned off as the piece is worked more in the flame. <br />
<br />
Start with light fuming and see what effects you get. Heavier fuming of silver can create a whiteish color.<br />
<br />
Varying the amountsof silver/gold and layering silver and gold fuming will give lots of different and interesting effects.<br />
<br />
== Sources of gold & silver ==<br />
<br />
Ideally the gold or silver should be as pure as possible with a grade of .999.<br />
<br />
You can purchase .999 grade silver and gold from gold and silver smiths and dealers. It is usually sold in wire form or in little beads called casting grains.<br />
<br />
Alternate sources that may or may not be .999 pure are:<br />
silver or gold jewelry<br />
silver or gold coins<br />
<br />
== Safety ==<br />
<br />
Always use good [[ventilation]], and be careful to minimize your exposure to the fumes. The fumes are very poisonous. <br />
<br />
Be careful not to spill the molten silver onto your torch face as it will clog and possibly ruin the ports.<br />
<br />
Also wear proper eye filters the light produced while fuming can be bright, leading to blindness<br />
<br />
== Effects and Patterns ==<br />
<br />
Spiral and wig wag effects can be done with just clear tube and fume in the following way. - For this example a 25mm tube is used.<br />
<br />
Attach a 25mm tube to a 12mm blow tube and close one end of the 25mm tube.<br />
<br />
Fume the 25mm tube with gold or silver so that it is completly covered.<br />
<br />
Using clear 5 to 6mm rods, draw stripes of clear glass lengthwise down the tube.<br />
<br />
Melt the stripes into the tube, puffing to keep the tube shape, doing this will burn off the fume from where it was not protected by the clear glass stripes.<br />
<br />
You now have a striped tube that you can then use other with other techniques to make things like wigwags and spirals.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''NOTE TO OTHERS''' - Please post more techniques here on how to achieve various effects, preferably with pictures<br />
<br />
--[[User:Meerkat|Meerkat]] 23:02, 13 January 2007 (EST)</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=VentilationVentilation2007-05-15T17:24:55Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
Ventilation is the mechanical means of removing noxious fumes and unhealthy gases and solids that are created during the flameworking process. Common fumes such as gold and silver, as well as particles such as heavy metals and borosilicate need to be vented away from lampworkers in order to avoid acute and chronic exposure.<br />
<br />
Ventilation can be a bit of an art form, because one must balance between having enough air circulation, but an excessive amount of circulation will lead to air turbulence. Air turbulence is bad because the air circulation is not stable and pockets of exhaust might shift towards the person at the station. The smoke test may be used to determine if there is any turbulence in the shop or a lack of ventilation. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Types of Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
'''The Gable Fan'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Commonly employed by lampworkers on a budget or is a [[noob]]. These can be had from hardware stores such as Home Depot and Lowe's for around $50. These are usually mounted in front of one's workstation in order to create a laminar flow. This fan can exchange large amounts of air in a short amount of time, as they are designed to expel hot air from an attic. <br />
<br />
There are drawbacks to this and most systems. One example is that while this system can displace large amounts of air, it can not provide a sufficient amount of draw or push forces in order to run a ducted system. <br />
<br />
'''The Squirrel Cage Blower'''<br />
<br />
Often used in larger production environments where more than one vent fan is needed. Although more expensive than a Gable type fan, it allows a shop to use ducted ventilation systems. The benefits of this is that exhausts can be directed away from a building in a controlled manner. If a 4 sided building needed vent fans against three of the wall, the building or room would have to have vacant space sounding all three of those wall. However, one must also consider back-flow, or the process of drawing supposed fresh air that actually has a portion of exhaust air contained in it. With a ducted system, one exhaust port may exist, and that exhaust can be directed away from the fresh air source. <br />
<br />
== '''Fresh Air''' ==<br />
<br />
Fresh air must be introduced in a manner by which it is opposite to the exahust sytem. In other words, a fresh source of air should ideally be directed at the head of the lampworker at the station. If the source of fresh air is next to the exhaust intake, it defeats the purpose of keeping the lampworker isolated from toxic substances. <br />
<br />
'''Stuff from the sticky that needs to be expanded'''<br />
<br />
1.) CFM means cubic feet per minute. depending on the size of your shop you should have many CFM's of ventilation. Meaning air moved out of your shop. One source I read said 100 CFM's per square foot of work table space. Others can comment below on how much they use or have heard should be used. I'm not sure anyone knows how much we need. Maybe we need an OSHA expert's help here.<br />
<br />
2.) The larger the diameter the ducting the better. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
3.) Round is better than Square duct. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
4.) Shorter distance between fan and work area are better.<br />
<br />
5.) Straight and or slow curves in ducts are better than Right angles. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
6.) Hoods and enclosed worktables can direct the ventilation very effectively away from the worker.<br />
<br />
7.) Always know where the air you suck into your shop is coming from. A large source of fresh are is best. For example: Powerful fans can make your furnace backflow and you can get carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />
<br />
8.) The flow by your head (your mouth leads to your lungs, in case you weren't aware) is KEY!!! the fresh air should flow by yor face. A 300 Giga CFM fan located at the other end of your shop will only slowly pull the cloud of metal fume away from your head. That is the principle behing hoods, directing and concentrateing the flow.<br />
<br />
9.) OSHA says for welding hoods that 250-350 CFM per linear workbench foot is adequate. But there is NO standard for Flameworkers.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=VentilationVentilation2007-05-15T17:22:45Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
Ventilation is the mechanical means of removing noxious fumes and unhealthy gases and solids that are created during the flameworking process. Common fumes such as gold and silver, as well as particles such as heavy metals and borosilicate need to be vented away from lampworkers in order to avoid acute and chronic exposure.<br />
<br />
Ventilation can be a bit of an art form, because one must balance between having enough air circulation, but an excessive amount of circulation will lead to air turbulence. Air turbulence is bad because the air circulation is not stable and pockets of exhaust might shift towards the person at the station. The smoke test may be used to determine if there is any turbulence in the shop or a lack of ventilation. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Types of Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
'''The Gable Fan'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Commonly employed by lampworkers on a budget or is a noob. These can be had from hardware stores such as Home Depot and Lowe's for around $50. These are usually mounted in front of one's workstation in order to create a laminar flow. This fan can exchange large amounts of air in a short amount of time, as they are designed to expel hot air from an attic. <br />
<br />
There are drawbacks to this and most systems. One example is that while this system can displace large amounts of air, it can not provide a sufficient amount of draw or push forces in order to run a ducted system. <br />
<br />
'''The Squirrel Cage Blower'''<br />
<br />
Often used in larger production environments where more than one vent fan is needed. Although more expensive than a Gable type fan, it allows a shop to use ducted ventilation systems. The benefits of this is that exhausts can be directed away from a building in a controlled manner. If a 4 sided building needed vent fans against three of the wall, the building or room would have to have vacant space sounding all three of those wall. However, one must also consider back-flow, or the process of drawing supposed fresh air that actually has a portion of exhaust air contained in it. With a ducted system, one exhaust port may exist, and that exhaust can be directed away from the fresh air source. <br />
<br />
== '''Fresh Air''' ==<br />
<br />
Fresh air must be introduced in a manner by which it is opposite to the exahust sytem. In other words, a fresh source of air should ideally be directed at the head of the lampworker at the station. If the source of fresh air is next to the exhaust intake, it defeats the purpose of keeping the lampworker isolated from toxic substances. <br />
<br />
'''Stuff from the sticky that needs to be expanded'''<br />
<br />
1.) CFM means cubic feet per minute. depending on the size of your shop you should have many CFM's of ventilation. Meaning air moved out of your shop. One source I read said 100 CFM's per square foot of work table space. Others can comment below on how much they use or have heard should be used. I'm not sure anyone knows how much we need. Maybe we need an OSHA expert's help here.<br />
<br />
2.) The larger the diameter the ducting the better. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
3.) Round is better than Square duct. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
4.) Shorter distance between fan and work area are better.<br />
<br />
5.) Straight and or slow curves in ducts are better than Right angles. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
6.) Hoods and enclosed worktables can direct the ventilation very effectively away from the worker.<br />
<br />
7.) Always know where the air you suck into your shop is coming from. A large source of fresh are is best. For example: Powerful fans can make your furnace backflow and you can get carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />
<br />
8.) The flow by your head (your mouth leads to your lungs, in case you weren't aware) is KEY!!! the fresh air should flow by yor face. A 300 Giga CFM fan located at the other end of your shop will only slowly pull the cloud of metal fume away from your head. That is the principle behing hoods, directing and concentrateing the flow.<br />
<br />
9.) OSHA says for welding hoods that 250-350 CFM per linear workbench foot is adequate. But there is NO standard for Flameworkers.</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=VentilationVentilation2007-05-15T17:21:14Z<p>BetaB: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
Ventilation is the mechanical means of removing noxious fumes and unhealthy gases and solids that are created during the flameworking process. Common fumes such as gold and silver, as well as particles such as heavy metals and borosilicate need to be vented away from lampworkers in order to avoid acute and chronic exposure.<br />
<br />
Ventilation can be a bit of an art form, because one must balance between having enough air circulation, but an excessive amount of circulation will lead to air turbulence. Air turbulence is bad because the air circulation is not stable and pockets of exhaust might shift towards the person at the station. The smoke test may be used to determine if there is any turbulence in the shop or a lack of ventilation. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Types of Ventilation''' ==<br />
<br />
'''The Gable Fan'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Commonly employed by lampworkers on a budget or is a noob. These can be had from hardware stores such as Home Depot and Lowe's for around $50. These are usually mounted in front of one's workstation in order to create a laminar flow. This fan can exchange large amounts of air in a short amount of time, as they are designed to expel hot air from an attic. <br />
<br />
There are drawbacks to this and most systems. One example is that while this system can displace large amounts of air, it can not provide a sufficient amount of draw or push forces in order to run a ducted system. <br />
<br />
'''The Squirrel Cage Blower'''<br />
<br />
Often used in larger production environments where more than one vent fan is needed. Although more expensive than a Gable type fan, it allows a shop to use ducted ventilation systems. The benefits of this is that exhausts can be directed away from a building in a controlled manner. If a 4 sided building needed vent fans against three of the wall, the building or room would have to have vacant space sounding all three of those wall. However, one must also consider back-flow, or the process of drawing supposed fresh air that actually has a portion of exhaust air contained in it. With a ducted system, one exhaust port may exist, and that exhaust can be directed away from the fresh air source. <br />
<br />
== '''Fresh Air''' ==<br />
<br />
Fresh air must be introduced in a manner by which it is opposite to the exahust sytem. In other words, a fresh source of air should ideally be directed at the head of the lampworker at the station. If the source of fresh air is next to the exhaust intake, it defeats the purpose of keeping the lampworker isolated from toxic substances. <br />
<br />
'''Stuff from the sticky that needs to be expanded'''<br />
<br />
1.) CFM means cubic feet per minute. depending on the size of your shop you should have many CFM's of ventilation. Meaning air moved out of your shop. One source I read said 100 CFM's per square foot of work table space. Others can comment below on how much they use or have heard should be used. I'm not sure anyone knows how much we need. Maybe we need an OSHA expert's help here.<br />
<br />
2.) The larger the diameter the ducting the better. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
3.) Round is better than Square duct. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
4.) Shorter distance between fan and work area are better.<br />
<br />
5.) Straight and or slow curves in ducts are better than Right angles. Less turbulence, more laminar flow.<br />
<br />
6.) Hoods and enclosed worktables can direct the ventilation very effectively away from the worker.<br />
<br />
7.) Always know where the air you suck into your shop is coming from. A large source of fresh are is best. For example: Powerful fans can make your furnace backflow and you can get carbon monoxide poisoning.<br />
<br />
8.) The flow by your head (your mouth leads to your lungs, in case you weren't aware) is KEY!!! the fresh air should flow by yor face. A 300 Giga CFM fan located at the other end of your shop will only slowly pull the cloud of metal fume away from your head. That is the principle behing hoods, directing and concentrateing the flow.<br />
<br />
9.) OSHA says for welding hoods that 250-350 CFM per linear workbench foot is adequate. But there is NO standard for Flameworkers.<br />
<br />
<br />
more later..........</div>BetaBhttp://www.talkglass.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_PageMain Page2007-01-13T04:32:33Z<p>BetaB: /* Welcome to the GLDG wiki! */</p>
<hr />
<div><big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big><br />
<br />
Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
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== Welcome to the GLDG wiki! ==<br />
<br />
Here you will find the condensed knowledge of our thousands of members, all categorized and organized for easy access. From torches to tools, safety to shop organization, and about a hundred thousand other things.<br />
<br />
So, you know about a topic, but there's no page for it? Make one! Just navigate to http://www.thegldg.com/wiki/Your_topic and create a page to tell the world about whatever you like. Let's try to keep it glass-related, though. Completely off-topic entries will be subject to moderation and deletion. For information on how to format your entry, please look at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page How to edit a page.]<br />
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Okay, that's it. Have fun and enjoy the new toy!<br />
<br />
The GLDG Administration team;<br />
<br />
Primathon, PyroChixRock and Hulk Hogan</div>BetaB